Flo Menezes

     ABSTRACT

My musical language, as exemplified in Parcours de l'Entité (Trajectory of the Entity), cannot be understood or described without first discussing certain aspects of my conception of the general implications of electroacoustic music on musical thought [2].


The Status of Musical Material in Electroacoustic Music

As is not the case in instrumental music, the composer of electroacoustic music is directly confronted with sound phenomena, without the mediation of a figural representation of sound, such as a written musical score. This fact gives rise to many substantial differences in the approaches to musical composition.

Musical writing (notation) was born as a graphical representation of verbal prosody, as can be observed by studying the early vocal music of the Middle Ages. As a consequence, it emphasized the construction of a notation devoted to intervals and durations. Notation has historically allowed the composer to compartmentalize sound through graphic symbolism. The arrival of musical writing contributed incisively to the semiotic delimitation between verbal and musical languages, because it placed emphasis on aspects that verbal writing, its older sister, ignored. As we know, verbal writing centers around the summary representation of vocalic timbre and was based on the primordial binary opposition between vowels (sounds with determined pitches) and consonants (noises). Such compartmentalization of musical notation was responsible for a considerable amount of abstraction in the presence of raw sound, which is in itself a totality of aspects. The articulation of such sound parameters (basically, pitches and durations) has made possible the construction of what we can designate as musical composition proper: in fact, to compose signifies in essence the recomposition of sound parameters---durations, pitches, intensities, timbres (which have been historically compartmentalized by musical writing)---into an organic whole.


Such elaborated articulation of elements in musical time is generally called musical material The material is therefore posterior, or subsequent---derived from the musical writing itself---and essentially takes on, in instrumental music, a relational character. This means that the essence of musical material in instrumental music, as originated by musical writing, reveals the interdependence between structural elements that constitute musical form.

In electroacoustic music, on the contrary, musical material acquires a double function: on the one hand, it preserves and develops its relational character (although now independently of a notational process), in that it continues to elaborate the temporal discourse of musical form as a correlation of the elements with which it orders the time; on the other hand, musical material is introduced into the constitution of the sound spectra themselves. Therefore, electroacoustic music, unlike instrumental music, first constitutes its own sounds. Thus, the functions of musical material in electroacoustic music are, in one sense, relational and, on the other hand, constitutive in character. While in written instrumental music the material originates from the writing itself, in electroacoustic music the material precedes, in part, the process of composition in so far as the material involves the spectral constitution of the sound and is partially derived from the actual relational work of composition in the studio. Thus, the material emerges partially from derivative processes (manipulations of sound in time, mixing, etc.) regarding form, which are, in any case, also essential to electroacoustic compositional elaboration. Considering that any and all electroacoustic elaboration passes inevitably through the procedures of synthesis, through those related to treatment (for instance, filtering, transposing, time stretching and time compression, shuffling and montage techniques) or---as has been the case of the great majority of works composed in studios---through both types of procedure, we can testify that the musical material is, in its constitutive character, subsequent to the synthesis and prior to the treatment. At any rate, musical material will always constitute the a priori condition of compositional elaboration. Such compositional elaboration in the studio---elaboration that renounces the decoding processes of traditional musical notation without renouncing the relational aspects of the musical material---I call latent or subjacent writing.


Latent Writing in Electroacoustic Music

In the absence of notation or notational abstraction in the studio, the composer nevertheless is not free from compositional elaboration. Indeed, every quality composition, be it instrumental or electroacoustic, shapes itself according to the escritural or writing-based elaboration of its structures. In electroacoustic music, the writing exists, thus, in a latent state. We are faced with a kind of subjacent writing that permeates speculative thought in the studio.


In fact, such latent writing tends to regain, in the core of electroacoustic activity and in its confrontation with raw and concrete sound, the abstraction that is typical of instrumental writing, as demonstrated by its long history. In this context, one of the most relevant aspects of electroacoustic composition is, as has been shown by Stockhausen [3], sound decomposition Just as instrumental writing implies the compartmentalization of sound parameters, this segmentation is regained in the electroacoustic studio, above all, through the procedures by which the sound is treated, through which the sound object---to employ the expression so beloved by Schaeffer [4]---unveils its many distinct facets.


In the course of this process of decomposition/composition of sound in the studio, the composer acquires an even sharper perception of the internal life of sounds. The composer's awareness of the relationships of structural elements is accompanied by a perception whose end result is an effective and constitutive introspection into the sound spectra. This means that the perception concerned above all with formal relationships is corroborated by a continual textural comprehension of the objects. At the core of the process of constituting sound texture, the formal relationships will thus infiltrate as elements of the musical structure. In this way we arrive effectively at the essence of the spectra, having thus effectuated a substantially qualitative change (as compared to instrumental music). With this change, musical time itself is considered as a relational and constitutive aspect of the musical material.


From the Sound of Time to the Time of Sound

Ithink that, in the course of the short history of electroacoustic music, we can perceive a gradual and symptomatic shifting of interest in sound perception regarding time. After experiments with cutting and montage of analog tapes, through which we perceive the prominence of the attack in the perceptual evaluation of sounds---experiments that culminated in Schaeffer's theoretical exposition on temporal anamorphosis, in which he exposed the proportional relevance of the attack as compared to the duration of sound (the shorter the sound is, the greater the importance of its attack) [5]---there tended to be an increased consciousness of what Stockhausen has called the "unity of musical time" [6]. Through Stockhausen's theory, composers gained knowledge of the fact that frequencies and rhythms are nothing more than differentiated degrees of the same process, concerning the organization of the duration of vibrations on the microstructural spectral level. Gradually, through an increased awareness of the attack, a more clarified perception of the sustain of sound came about.


I think that the electroacoustic experience thus caused a real revolution in the heart of the musical conception of time and exposed a bipolarity from which no aesthetic attitude related to composition can escape: either one considers sound as a constitutive part of musical time and pays more attention to attacks and to metric/rhythmic organization, or, on the contrary, one considers sound as a textural phenomenon, and places emphasis on the perception of time as a constitutive element of the sound spectrum. The first posture will inevitably be associated with instrumental writing, which does not allow a radical compositional intervention into the constitution of the sounds themselves. The second will, in turn, constitute a typically electroacoustic stance, in which one enters into the internal temporal relationships of the spectrum.


In my work, such a reflection on time is responsible for constructions devoted to the interaction between instruments and electronics, even when I compose for percussion instruments---that is, for those instruments strongly related to rhythmic aspects. A Dialética da Praia (The Dialectic of the Beach) (1993), for 70 percussion instruments (played by two musicians) and tape, reveals this preoccupation [7]. Although I use practically all the kinds of percussion instruments there are in this piece, I have never made any concessions to rhythmic or metric configurations. Alluding to the statistically rich diversity of sound and the highly complex sound phenomena of the beach, the piece elaborates a trajectory in which a textural perception predominates, in spite of the rhythmic figures that could eventually be suggested by the instruments used. In fact, in this work, the notion of the sound grain, as exposed by Schaeffer in his typological study on spectra [8], is much more prominent than the simple appeal to metric structures.


Pronunciation-Forms

If we consider my work from the point of view of this textural perception of time as a constitutive element of sound, the time-stretching of spectra emerges as one of the most typical of my procedures.

From this perspective, and in alliance with my preoccupation with the phonological expressiveness of the spoken word, I have elaborated what I call pronunciation-form, the most definitive results of which have been reached since 1986 at the Cologne Studio. One of the most radical examples is Phantom-Wortquelle; Words in Transgress (Phantom-Word-Source; Words in Transgress) (1986--1987), a purely electronic piece based entirely on sounds derived from the human voice [9]. In PAN: Laceramento della Parola (Omaggio a Trotskij) (PAN: Laceration of the Word [Homage to Trotsky]) (1987--1988), a piece for tape alone (the first version of which was composed in 1985 for orchestra and tape), the role of the pronunciation-form is also crucial. This composition marks my first attempt at deriving an entire musical form from the phonological structure of a given word, a process that I denominated subsequently as Aussprache-Form (Portuguese: forma-pronúncia; English: pronunciation-form) while working in Cologne.

In what simultaneously becomes a formal, musical and verbal procedure, a given word whose meaning seems to be relevant to the concept of the piece is radically extended in time, in a concrete or imaginary way. Its phonological moments, as defined in structural phonology, are consequently lacerated, thus determining essentially the succession of the sound textures that constitute the musical form. In this process, both the proportions of durations and the sound characteristics of the phonemes in the usual pronunciation of the given word are considered in order to elaborate the musical form. For example, the occlusive phoneme /p/ (from the word PAN) does not lose its identity, in spite of its radical extension in time (in this case, the extension becomes resonance). In regard to the vowels, which are characterized above all by their first two formantic regions, I consider both formants and, observing their frequential position in the vocal spectrum, project these formantic regions as contrasting structures in chronological time. For this reason, when Henri Pousseur became familiar with my procedure, he named it Klangfarbendauernproportionen (proportions of durations of timbres) in analogy to the term Klangfarbenmelodie In my music, in fact, time appears mainly as timbristic durations, or, in phenomenological terms (as in Husserl), as extensions of the now (Ausdehnungen des Jetzt) [10]. Furthermore, time in my music does not have a metric character, and in this sense I should say that I am greatly influenced by Stockhausen. Contrary to Stockhausen's Moment-Form, however, the dramatic succession of the particular "moments"in the pronunciation-form assumes an essential role [11].


Harmonic Techniques: Cyclic Modules and Proportional Projections

Considering that the musical material of my electroacoustic works is concerned equally with its constitutive side and its relational functions, and also considering that the central point of my work consists, although not exclusively, of the interaction between instrumental writing and subjacent writing in the electroacoustic context, I have developed, both in the electroacoustic and the instrumental domain, certain harmonic techniques with which I have been composing since the mid-1980s. I call these techniques cyclic modules and proportional projections Although these constitute autonomous speculative methods of harmony (in its broadest sense), the conjunction of both techniques in the terrain of electroacoustic music with instruments has led me to very satisfying results.


Briefly, a cyclic module is a cyclic and expansive interval field derived from a frequential basic structure, which I designate as a harmonic entity [12]. Considering any interval structure---synchronic (as a chord) or diachronic (melodic, sequential)---as a harmonic field derived from a certain interval propagation (from lowest to highest tones, in the case of chordal entities as natural resonance phenomena; from the first to the last tone, in the case of diachronic entities as chronological phenomena), one deduces that every entity is originally circumscribed by the relationship between its extreme notes/frequencies and is internally constituted by the discrimination of the harmonic space consisting of the notes/frequencies that compose the internal space of this interval.


I was interested in developing to the utmost the structuration of harmonic entities. For this purpose, I have projected the proper interval structures of these entities above and beyond the entities' extreme limits. The result of each one of such projections is a limited number of transpositions of a given entity over itself, in which for each transposition, the point of departure is always constituted by the respective last note (either as frequential highest note or as temporal final note, depending on the essential character of the basic entity).


After a certain number of transpositions, one necessarily returns again to the original notes of the entity (regardless of the octave in which these notes are placed). Such a process leads to a cyclic phenomenon and thus constitutes a module with recurrent notes in which the number of transpositions is determined by the interval in the octave between the extreme notes of the basic entity. As each note of a new transposition will serve doubly in the constitution of the module (as the last note of a transposition is the same as the first note of the next transposition), the total number of notes in the cyclic module will thus be determined by the following equation: the number of possible transpositions multiplied by the number of notes of the entity, minus the number of possible transpositions. Although many entities can present the same characteristics, each one will be responsible exclusively for the constitution of its own module and no other. Each module will therefore be constituted basically from the internal structure of the harmonic agglomerate (entity) and will be typical of its own entity, but not of any other, constituting thus the specific harmonic field of its basic entity. The delimitation and the density of the modules are thus directly derived, respectively, from the interval between the extreme notes of the entity and from the entity's internal harmonic density. On one hand, the internal interval connections (particularly the transitions between the transpositions), the recurrence of certain notes and the harmonic structures that are derived from the selective and periodic operations in the temporal evolution of the module presented uninterruptedly make the cyclic modules highly interesting structures as speculative organizations of pitch. On the other hand, by means of expanding the original field of the basic harmonic entity, such modular structures curiously reveal, at times, certain correlations (such as identical notes and intervals) between entities or harmonic archetypes (that is, harmonic structures that are present in distinct phases of history---including the history of our century---independently of the harmonic systems in which they appear) that could never have been foreseen by the composer before the constitution of the cyclic modules. The modules thus enhance the potency of the identities as well as the peculiarities that are in a latent state in the harmonic entities themselves. It is as if we make a paraphrase of the Cartesian premise: the essence of an entity is revealed by its extension.


Curiously, many cyclic modules complete the total chromatic tempered space at the moment of their last note before completing their own cycles, while others obtain the total chromaticism exactly on the pivot-note from the last transposition of the entity. This last scenario is the case of the cyclic module that serves as the basic structure for ... Ora .. (1991--...), a work in progress for orchestra, as well as for A Dialética da Praia and Parcours de l'Entité (1994) for amplified flutes, metal percussion and digital tape [13].


Although the cyclic modules lend themselves to a careful and multiform elaboration of harmonic structures in the spatial terrain of the tempered system, they must nevertheless not be circumscribed exclusively to instrumental music. I employ this technique---as structures of intervallic proportions in cyclic expansion---in the electroacoustic context also. For instance, in A Dialética da Praia, the module served as the structuration of profiles made from processed, sampled percussive sounds.


In addition to being interested in the possibilities offered by the modules, I was also interested in the construction of a method for intervallic manipulation that would permit me to transpose, on the level of the harmonic space or dimension, the variations of perceptive dimensions that are typical of the operations that one can make on the temporal scale and that are free from metric or rhythmic impositions---i.e. dilation and compression of durations. Dilation and compression of durations would be converted, in this case, to expansions and contractions of interval structures. If elaborated in both directions, the new technique thus would differ from that used to form the modules, because these modules are used exclusively and necessarily as an "enlargement"---that is, as an expansion of the harmonic field of the original entity.


I use the term proportional projection to refer to the projection of the intervals of a given harmonic tempered entity---an entity that occupies a certain range, according to a logarithmic subdivision of pitches---to differentiated extents, preserving, however, the same original interval proportions of the entity. If one considers that the tempered system subdivides the harmonic space based on the ratio of 1.0594 for the minor second, one can deduce that the expansion or contraction of the harmonic space will cause a non-tempered alteration of the internal subdivision of the new space, occupied by the projected entity. For the calculation of the projections, I again use the logarithmic law, except that the exponent of the root and the ratio for the interval between the first and the last note will be changed [14]. Independent of the direction to be taken by the projection (contraction or expansion), I will always consider two aspects of the basic entity: first, the number of subdivisions in semi-tones that fill the harmonic space between its lowest and its highest note; second, the evaluation of the discrimination between such subdivisions or degrees, thus verifying which frequencies are utilized by the original entity in its original extent.


In Parcours de l'Entité there is a good example of the combination of both harmonic techniques. The cyclic module derived from the basic entity---with its main profile as executed by the flutist ---is submitted to four contractions via proportional projections. Figure 1 reproduces the table of derived frequencies for such projections, in which the bold-faced numbers in each harmonic space or extent (represented as a column) show the discriminated frequencies, corresponding to the frequencies used in the main tempered profile (fifth column).


After the conversion of the values into traditional musical notation, I obtain as a result a directional expansion of the main profile through five stages . I employed the process of mixing both techniques in Parcours de l'Entité for the elaboration of instrumental writing for the flute, the use of which is concomitant with proportional projections for the spectral constitution of the synthesized sounds, which I made with the computer program Music V and which are present on the tape [15]. This process of mixing both harmonic techniques also served for the expansion of sequenced profiles of FM-synthesized sounds in the last part of the tape in Profils Écartelés (Disrupted Profiles) (1988) for piano and quadraphonic tape, realized at the Cologne Studio [16].


The Future of an Illusion

In my opinion, the great Hamletian dilemma of existence and its antagonistic exclusion, according to which one places in opposition presumably mutually exclusive poles in order to resolve specific problems, has been definitively overcome. Although such an antagonism can survive in social conflicts, which are exposed to the conditions of subsistence and tend sometimes to resolve their problems through exclusivist attitudes, directions in the aesthetic domain point to a greater consciousness of the antinomy present in each communicational linguistic act, regardless of its specific semiotic code.


Roman Jakobson explained in a magnificent manner the antinomy in the core of each sign, in the center of the relationships between the signifier and the signified, which is responsible for the dramatic condition inherent in each communicational act:

The relationship between the sign and the signified object, and particularly between the representation and the represented, the identity of each, which is at the same time the difference between them, constitutes one of the most dramatic antinomies of the sign. This antinomy is unavoidable, because without contradiction there is neither conceptual nor semiotic interplay, the relationship between concept and sign becomes automatic, the course of events becomes paralyzed, the consciousness of reality dissolves [17].

The interaction between instrumental and electroacoustic means gives a diagonal dimension to the structural question around spatiality in music, in the sense that the space is not related exclusively to the stage or to the audience. Although the pure listening forms of music---purely instrumental or constituted by electroacoustic diffusion alone---conserve their pertinence [18], the dialectic between instrumental writing and electroacoustic structures makes possible the weaving of a transitional web between that which is localized through listening and that which localizes the listener through his or her hearing. In this way a kind of spatial continuum is established that diagonally "cuts" the perceptual auditory space.


Based on elaborated artifices of correspondence and opposition, of fusion and contrast between instrumental writing and electroacoustic structures---artifices that should be established by detailed work on musical material in its double function (constitutive and relational), for which the harmonic techniques explained here can be of great utility---such a diagonal dimension causes an emergence of interest in listening to mixed electronic and instrumental media, which cause one to respond to that which one hears by contrasting the question "to be or not to be" with the more predominant situation in contemporary listening: one substitutes the conjunction or with the conjunction and


Although I have written about an illusion destroyed at each moment concerning a presumably undeniable unity of the perceived thing, the certainty of the non-conciliatory coexistence between the thing and its representation is transformed, in mixed electroacoustic music, into something else---into an advantageous, constant and at the same time nebulous illusion.


It is from this "auditory illusion" that, in part, my compositional poetics concerning mixed electroacoustic works are nourished, such as in the case of Profils Écartelés A Dialética da Praia, Parcours de l'Entité or the most recent of these, ATLAS (1996--1997), for oboes, membrane percussion, quadraphonic tape and live electronics. In light of such compositions, the listener constantly wonders about the nature of what he or she hears, questioning whether it comes from instruments in performance or from pre-recorded, projected sound; whether I have dynamized the instrumental writing spatially, harmonically, temporally and timbristically or if instead the listener is faced with purely electroacoustic structures that were pre-elaborated in the studio and either derived from the instruments themselves or from other sources that are timbristically related to them.


The illusion, constantly transformed into doubt, induces the certainty that what is can also not be. And it is the future of such an illusion that, I believe, will dictate in the years to come the routes of the new poetics of electroacoustic music.




References and Notes

1. The word "panaroma" was invented by James Joyce in Finnegans Wake (London: Faber and Faber, 1975) p. 143. Although it sounds like a typically Brazilian word originated from the tupi language, it actually demonstrates the international character of our studio through the symbol of Joycean complexity and multireferentiality. The Studio PANaroma achieved national and international stature through significant activities such as the CIMESP (International Electroacoustic Music Contest of São Paulo), the BIMESP (International Electroacoustic Music Biennial of São Paulo), the Panorama of Avant-Garde Music concert series and the Maximal Music CD label. The Studio PANaroma is the only one in Brazil to take part in the Forum-IRCAM. In October 1996, Pierre Boulez visited the studio.


2. In addition to the writing cited in this text, see the following theoretical works of mine on electroacoustic music: Luciano Berio et la Phonologie---Une Approche Jakobsonienne de son Oeuvre (Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/New York/Paris/Vienna: Peter Lang Verlag, Publications Universitaires Européennes, Série XXXVI, Musicologie, Vol. 89, 1993); "Un Essai sur la Composition Verbale Électronique Visage de Luciano Berio," Quaderni di Musica/Realtà No. 30* (Modena: Mucchi Editore, 1993); "Do Som do Tempo ao Tempo do Som," Proceedings of the II SBC&M---Second Brazilian Symposium on Computer Music, Fifteenth Congress of the Brazilian Computer Society, Canela---RS, pp. 228--231 (1995); "A Espacialidade na Música Eletroacústica," ARTEunesp 11 (São Paulo: Editora da Unesp, 1995) pp. 53--61; Música Eletroacústica---História e Estéticas (São Paulo: Edusp, 1996); and "Atualidade Estética da Música Eletroacústica" (post-doctoral work presented at the State University of São Paulo-UNESP, in 1997).


3. Karlheinz Stockhausen, Texte zur Musik 1970--1977, Vol. 4 (Cologne: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg, 1978) pp. 369--376.


4. Pierre Schaeffer, Traité des Objets Musicaux---Essai Interdisciplines (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1966) pp. 387--472.


5. Schaeffer [4] pp. 216--243.


6. Karlheinz Stockhausen, Texte zur elektronischen und instrumentalen Musik, Vol. 1 (Cologne: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg, 1963) pp. 211--221.


7. This work, in its abbreviated version titled A Viagem sobre os Grãos (1996)---the premiere of which took place at Carnegie Hall in New York in April 1996---won the First Prize at the "XVIII Concorso Internazionale 'Luigi Russolo' di Musica Elettroacustica" in Varese, Italy, in September 1996.


8. Schaeffer [4] pp. 548--555.


9. In 1995, I realized a new and temporally reduced version of this piece at the Studio PANaroma, titled Words in Transgress.


10. Edmund Husserl, Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins (1928), in E. Husserl, Phänomenologie der Lebenswelt---Ausgewählte Texte II (Stuttgart: Reclam Verlag, 1986) pp. 80--165.





11. See also Flo Menezes, texts (in Portuguese and English) about the compositions Parcours de l'Entité; Contextures I (Hommage à Berio); Contesture III---Tempi Reali, Tempo Virtuale; PAN: Laceramento della Parola (Omaggio a Trotskji); Profils Écartelés; and Words in Transgress; in the booklet of the CD Música Maximalista---Maximal Music, Vol. 1, São Paulo 1996.


12. The first theoretical exposition of the cyclic modules was published in Flo Menezes, Apoteose de Schoenberg---Ensaio sobre os Arquétipos da Harmonia Contemporânea (São Paulo: EDUSP/Nova Stella, 1987).


13. Parcours de l'Entité won the Prix Ars Electronica in Linz, Austria, in 1995.


14. The logarithmic law for the tempered scale is 12 2. For the calculation of the proportional projections, a special program for the Atari 1040 ST computer was conceived in 1987 in Germany by Marcel Schmidt, technician at the Cologne Studio für elektronische Musik. At the time of writing, I make the calculations for the projections through a patch that I wrote in collaboration with German composer Hans Tutschku using the program Patchwork (developed at IRCAM) for the Macintosh computer.


15. The sounds synthesized through the classic program Music V were realized in 1991 with the technical assistance of Andrea Provaglio when I was composer in residence at the CSC (Centro di Sonologia Computazionale) at Padua University in Italy.


16. Profils Écartelés has represented the production of the Cologne Studio several times at festivals in Europe. In November 1993, the piece was awarded the International Composition Prize at TRIMALCA---Tribuna de Música para América Latina y el Caribe---in Mar del Plata, Argentina.


17. Umberto Eco, "Il Contributo di Jakobson alla Semiotica", in Roman Jakobson (Roma: Editori Riuniti, 1990) p. 290.


18. My own work also tends toward such less-hybrid solutions. In addition to the works already mentioned in this text, examples include the following: (1) purely electroacoustic pieces (without instruments): Contextures I (Hommage à Berio) (1988--1989), Kontexturen II---Schachspiegel (1989--1990), La Ricerca Panica di Eco (1991), La (Dé)marche sur les Grains (1993); (2) purely instrumental works: Vertikale Augenblicke in Wien (1989), TransFormantes II (1995), Concenti---Sul Canto e il Bel Parlare (1995--1996), On the other hand . . (1997); (3) electroacoustic compositions with instrumentation: Contesture III---Tempi Reali, Tempo Virtuale (1990), Contesture IV---Monteverdi Altrimenti (1992--1993), Fenomeno di Massa (1995--1997), ATLAS---Foles e Peles (1996--1997) and TransFormantes III (1997).


Discography of Works by the Author

Contesture IV---Monteverdi altrimenti, in Brasil! New Music! Vol. 2 (São Paulo: Camerati, 1994). Interpretation: Grupo Novo Horizonte, directed by Graham Griffiths.

Contextures I (Hommage à Berio), in Nuova Officina Bolognese, January 1992 (la città incosciente) (Bologna, Italy: Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, 1991) compact disc ST.OSTI5.

A Dialética da Praia, in Duo Diálogos---Contemporary Percussion Music from Brazil (Brussels: GHA, 1995) compact disc GHA 126.033. Interpretation: Duo Diálogos de Percussão (Joaquim Abreu and Carlos Tarcha).

Música Eletroacústica---História e Estéticas, book and compact disc (São Paulo: EDUSP, 1996). Includes La (Dé)marche sur les Grains and PAN: Laceramento della Parola (Omaggio a Trotskji)

Música Maximalista---Maximal Music Vol. 1, electroacoustic works realized in Germany, Italy and Brazil from 1986 to 1995 (Sã Paulo: Studio PANaroma, 1996), compact disc. Flutes: Antonio Carlos Carrasqueira; percussion: Eduardo Gianesella. Includes Parcours de l'Entité (flutes: Antonio Carlos Carrasqueira; percussion: Eduardo Gianesella), Contextures I (Hommage à Berio), Contesture III---Tempi Reali, Tempo Virtuale (pianos: Paulo Ãlvares), PAN: Laceramento della Parola (Omaggio a Trotskji), Profils Écartelés (piano: Paulo Ãlvares) and Words in Transgress

Parcours de l'Entité, in Prix Ars Electronica 1995 (Linz, Austria: Oberösterreichischer Rundfunk, 1995), compact disc. Flutes: Isabelle Hureau; percussion: Thierry Miroglio.

Profils Écartelés, in Brasil! New Music! Vol. 2, compact disc (São Paulo: Camerati, 1994). Piano: Paulo ãlvares.

A Viagem sobre os Grãos, in XVIII Concorso Internazionale "Luigi Russolo" di Musica Elettroacustica, compact disc (Italy, 1996). Interpretation: Duo Diálogos de Percussão (Joaquim Abreu and Carlos Tarcha).

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